Introduction to Globe Valves

Globe valves are linear motion valves that regulate fluid flow in pipelines. They are named for their spherical body shape, which houses a movable disk or plug mechanism. This mechanism controls the flow of fluid by closing, opening, or partially obstructing the valve&#;s flow path.

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They are widely-used flow control devices in various industrial applications, and designed to regulate the flow of fluids, such as liquids, gases, and steam, in a flow stream a piping system. With their unique construction features and reliable performance, globe valves have gained popularity in industries such as oil and gas, power generation, chemical processing, and water treatment.

Structure and Functioning

Globe valves are named after their spherical body shape, which houses a movable disc or plug, a stationary seat, and a stem. The stem connects the disc to an external handwheel or actuator. When the handwheel is turned or the actuator is activated, it moves the stem and disc either closer to or farther from the seat, thus controlling the flow rate and pressures.

There are three main types of globe valves, each with distinct characteristics:

Straight Pattern Globe Valves(Z Type Globe Valves)

Straight pattern globe valves have a linear flow path, with the inlet and outlet ports aligned vertically. The main components include a spherical body, a movable disc or plug, a stationary seat, and a stem connecting the disc to an external handwheel or actuator. The fluid enters from the port at the bottom and exits from the top of the valve, with the disc moving up and down to regulate the flow.

Angle Pattern Globe Valves

In angle pattern globe valves, the inlet and outlet ports are oriented at a 90-degree angle to each other. This design allows the fluid to change direction within the valve, making them ideal for situations where a change in flow direction is required or when space is limited. The main components are similar to those of a straight pattern globe valve: a body, a disc, a seat, and a stem. However, the flow path is bent within the angle pattern globe valve body, creating a 90-degree angle between the inlet and outlet ports.

Y-pattern stainless steel globe valves feature a 45-degree angle between the inlet and outlet ports. This design reduces pressure drop and turbulence within the valve, making them suitable for high-pressure and high-temperature applications or when minimizing erosion is critical. The main components of a Y-pattern, steel globe valve include a Y-shaped body, a disc, a seat, and a stem. The flow path is inclined at a 45-degree angle, which helps reduce flow resistance and minimize wear on the valve components.

Globe Valve Components and Materials

Globe valves consist of several key components:

• Body: The valve&#;s main structure is typically made from cast iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, or alloy materials.
• Bonnet: The top part of the valve that houses the stem and packing.
• Stem: A threaded rod connected to the disk or plug that controls valve movement.
• Disk or Plug: The movable element that regulates flow by obstructing the flow path.
• Seat: The stationary component that the disk or plug seals against to prevent fluid flow.
• Handwheel or Actuator: The manual or automatic mechanism used to operate the valve.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globe Valves

AdvantagesDisadvantagesPrecise flow controlHigher pressure dropExcellent sealing capabilitiesLimited flow capacityEase of maintenanceHeavier and bulkier than other valvesBi-directional flowNot suitable for high-slurry systemsSuitable for a wide range of fluidsHigher cost compared to other valvesGood throttling abilitySlower to operate

Advantages:

1. Precise flow control: Globe valves allow for accurate and incremental adjustments to the fluid flow, making them ideal for throttling and flow regulation tasks.
2. Excellent sealing capabilities: The disc and seat design provides a tight seal when closed, preventing fluid leakage.
3. Easy maintenance: Globe valves are generally simple to disassemble, clean, and replace parts, making them a cost-effective choice for many applications.
4. Bi-directional flow: Globe valves can be used for flow in either direction, making them versatile and suitable for a wide range of applications.
5. Suitable for a wide range of fluids: Globe valves can handle various types of fluids, including liquids, gases, and steam.
6. Good throttling ability: Globe valves are effective at controlling the flow rate by adjusting the position of the disc.
7. Suitable for high-pressure and high-temperature applications
8. Tight shutoff capabilities

Disadvantages

1. Higher pressure drop: Globe valves create more resistance to fluid flow than other types of valves, resulting in a higher pressure drop across the valve.
2. Limited flow capacity: Due to their design, globe valves have a smaller flow capacity compared to other valve types, such as gate valves or ball valves.
3. Heavier and bulkier than other valves: Globe valves are generally larger and heavier than other valves, making them less suitable for applications where space and weight constraints are critical.
4. Not suitable for high slurry systems: The internal design of globe valves makes them prone to clogging or damage when used with high slurry or highly viscous fluids.
5. Higher cost compared to other valves: Globe valves can be more expensive than other types of valves, such as gate valves or ball valves, due to their more complex design and materials.
6. Slower to operate: Globe valves require more turns of the handwheel or more actuation force to open or close compared to other valves, making them slower to operate.
7. Potential for cavitation and noise

Applications and Industries

Globe valves are used across various industries, including:

• Oil and gas
• Chemical processing
• Power generation
• Water and wastewater treatment
• Pharmaceutical and biotechnology

Common applications include:

• Flow regulation and control
• Steam distribution
• Pump and compressor discharge
• Cooling water systems

Installation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting

Proper installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of globe valve control systems are essential for ensuring their optimal performance and longevity. By following best practices and addressing issues as they arise, you can maintain the reliability and efficiency of your globe valve system.

Installation

Globe valves should be installed with the disk facing upwards to ensure proper seating and minimize wear. This orientation also facilitates easier maintenance and inspection.

1. Location: Choose an accessible location for the globe valve, ensuring enough clearance for operation and maintenance. For straight pattern globe valves, install them with the stem in a vertical position to prevent sediment accumulation in the valve.
2. Flow direction: Install the valve in the correct flow direction, as indicated by the flow arrow on the valve body. Incorrect installation can result in poor valve performance and reduced lifespan.
3. Support: Ensure proper support for the piping system to minimize stress on the valve body and prevent misalignment or leakage.
4. Gaskets: Use appropriate gaskets or seals that are compatible with the fluid and operating conditions to ensure a leak-free connection between the valve and flanges.
5. Actuator alignment: When using an actuator, make sure it is properly aligned with the valve stem to prevent undue stress on the valve components.

Maintenance

Regular maintenance is essential to extend the globe valve lifespan and ensure optimal performance. Maintenance tasks include:

1. Inspection: Conduct regular visual inspections of the valve for signs of wear, corrosion, or leakage. Check the valve&#;s packing gland for any leaks and adjust or replace the packing material as needed.
2. Lubrication: Regularly lubricate the valve stem, threads, and moving parts according to the manufacturer&#;s recommendations. Use a lubricant compatible with the valve&#;s material and operating conditions.
3. Cleaning: Keep the valve and surrounding area clean and free of debris to prevent contamination and ensure smooth operation.
4. Replacement parts: Use only manufacturer-recommended replacement parts for repairs to maintain the valve&#;s performance and safety standards.
5. Scheduled maintenance: Follow a regular maintenance schedule based on the manufacturer&#;s recommendations and the valve&#;s operating conditions.

Troubleshooting

Proper troubleshooting is essential for identifying and resolving issues with globe valves. By addressing problems promptly and accurately, you can ensure the reliable and efficient operation of your valve system. Below are some common issues encountered with globe valves and their potential solutions:

Leakage at the Stem:

Issue: Fluid leakage is observed around the valve stem.

Solution: First, attempt to tighten the packing gland to compress the packing material and create a better seal. If the leakage persists, replace the packing material or consider repacking the entire valve.

Leakage at the Flange Connections:

Issue: Fluid leakage is detected at the flange connections.

Solution: Inspect the flange bolts for proper tightness and ensure they are evenly tightened following a crisscross pattern. If the leakage continues, replace the flanged gasket with a new one compatible with the fluid and operating conditions.

Difficulty in Operation:

Issue: The valve becomes difficult to operate or the handwheel is hard to turn.

Solution: Check for misalignment, bent stems, or damaged actuators. Lubricate the stem and moving parts according to the valve manufacturer&#;s recommendations. If the problem persists, disassemble the valve to inspect for internal damage or obstructions and repair or replace the affected components as needed.

Poor Flow Control:

Issue: The valve fails to provide accurate flow control or the flow rate does not correspond to the handwheel position.

Solution: Inspect the disc and seat for wear, damage, or contamination. Replace or recondition the disc and seat if necessary. Also, check the stem and actuator for proper operation and alignment.

Excessive Noise or Vibration:

Issue: The valve produces excessive noise or vibration during operation.

Solution: Excessive noise or vibration may indicate cavitation, water hammer, or turbulent flow. Address the root cause by adjusting the flow rate, installing a valve with a different design, or adding additional flow control valves, accessories, or devices like a pressure-reducing valve or a flow control valve.

Failure to Close Fully:

Issue: The valve does not close completely, leading to fluid leakage through the valve.

Solution: Inspect the disc and seat for damage, wear, or debris that may be preventing a tight seal. Clean, repair, or replace the disc and seat as necessary. Also, ensure that the valve stem is not bent or obstructed, preventing full closure.

By following a systematic approach to troubleshooting industrial valves and addressing issues as they arise, you can maintain the reliability and efficiency of your globe valve system. Regular inspection, timely repairs, and adherence to manufacturer guidelines will help prevent costly downtime and prolong the service life of your valves.

Sizing and Selection Considerations

Selecting the right size and type of globe valve for your application is crucial for optimal performance, efficiency, and longevity. Several factors must be considered when choosing a globe valve, including the fluid type, flow rate, pressure, temperature, and installation requirements. Here are some key aspects to consider when sizing and selecting a globe valve:

2. Flow Rate:

Determine the required flow rate for your application to ensure the globe valve can adequately handle the flow. Valve sizing is based on the flow coefficient (Cv), which is a measure of the valve&#;s capacity to pass fluid. The larger the Cv value, the greater the flow rate the valve can handle. Select a valve with an appropriate Cv value to meet your flow requirements while minimizing pressure drop.

2. Fluid Type:

Consider the type of fluid the valve will handle (liquid, gas, or steam) and its properties, and features such as viscosity and corrosiveness. Select materials and sealing components compatible with the fluid to ensure reliable operation and prevent damage to the valve.

3. Pressure and Temperature:

Evaluate the operating pressure and temperature of the system to select a valve that can withstand these conditions. Ensure the selected valve&#;s pressure class and temperature rating meet or exceed the system&#;s requirements.

4. Valve Type:

Choose the appropriate type of globe valve (straight pattern, angle pattern, or Y-pattern) based on your application&#;s specific needs. Consider factors such as space constraints, flow direction changes, and pressure drop when selecting the valve type.

5. Material Selection:

Select the appropriate materials for the valve body, disc, seat, stem, and gaskets based on factors such as fluid compatibility, corrosion resistance, and temperature requirements. Common materials include cast iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, and brass.

6. Actuation:

Determine the appropriate method of actuation for your application (manual, electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic). Consider factors such as the required speed of operation, available utilities, and fail-safe requirements.

7. End Connections:

Select the appropriate end connections (flanged, threaded, or welded) based on your piping system requirements and ease of installation and maintenance.

8. Standards and Certifications:

Ensure the chosen globe valve meets the necessary industry standards and certifications for your application, such as ASME, API, or ISO.

9. Maintenance and Accessibility:

Consider the ease of maintenance and accessibility when selecting a globe valve. Options for valves that are easy to disassemble, clean, and replace parts, make them cost-effective and reducing downtime.

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By taking these factors into account, you can select a globe valve that meets your application&#;s specific requirements and ensures efficient, reliable and long-lasting performance. Consult with valve manufacturers or engineers for expert advice on sizing and selecting the most suitable stainless steel globe valve for your needs.

Globe Valve Standards and Certifications

Various standards and certifications govern the design, manufacturing, testing, and performance of globe valves to ensure their safety, reliability, and efficiency. Adherence to these standards is essential for maintaining quality and performance in the industry. Some of the most widely recognized standards and certifications for globe valves include:

1. ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers):

ASME develops codes and standards for pressure-containing components, including valves. Key ASME standards related to globe valves include:

• ASME B16.34: Valves &#; Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
• ASME B16.10: Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves

These standards cover aspects such as pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, and testing requirements for various valve types, including globe valves.

2. API (American Petroleum Institute):

API is a leading organization that develops standards for the oil and gas industry, including valves. The following API standards are relevant to globe valves:

• API 600: Steel Gate Valves &#; Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets
• API 602: Compact Steel Gate Valves &#; Flanged, Threaded, Welding, and Extended Body Ends

Although these standards primarily focus on gate valves, they may also apply to globe valves in certain situations, particularly for high-pressure and high-temperature applications.

3. ISO (International Organization for Standardization):

ISO develops international standards for various industries, including valves. Some of the key ISO standards related to globe valves are:

• ISO : Industrial Valves &#; Pressure Testing of Valves
• ISO : Metal Valves for Use in Flanged Pipe Systems &#; Face-to-Face and Centre-to-Face Dimensions

These standards address aspects such as pressure testing and dimensional requirements for globe valves and other industrial valves.

4. MSS (Manufacturers Standardization Society):

MSS is an organization that develops standards for the valve and fittings industry. Some MSS standards that apply to globe valves include:

• MSS SP-42: Corrosion Resistant Gate, Globe, Angle, and Check Valves with Flanged and Butt Weld Ends
• MSS SP-61: Pressure Testing of Valves

These standards cover requirements for corrosion-resistant valves and pressure testing procedures for globe valves and other valve types.

5. NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers):

NACE develops standards related to the prevention and control of corrosion in various industries. The following NACE standard is relevant for globe valves used in corrosive environments:

• NACE MR/ISO : Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries &#; Materials for Use in H2S-Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production

This standard outlines material requirements and guidelines for valve control systems, including globe valves, used in sour service applications where hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present.

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Conclusion

This article provides an in-depth understanding of the various aspects of globe valves, including their design, types, functions, and key considerations for sizing, selection, and troubleshooting. This comprehensive guide aims to support professionals in making informed decisions when choosing the right valve for their application, ensuring optimal performance, reliability, and longevity.

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By utilizing the information provided in this ultimate guide and partnering with a reputable manufacturer like THINKTANK, you can ensure the successful integration of globe valves in your applications, contributing to the efficiency, safety features, and reliability of your power systems.

Authoritative Sources

1.ASME B16.34 &#; Valves &#; Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End: https://www.asme.org/codes-standards/find-codes-standards/b16-34-valves-flanged-threaded-welding-end

2. API 600 &#; Steel Gate Valves &#; Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets: https://www.api.org/~/media/files/publications/whats%20new/600_e13%20pa.pdf

3.ISO &#; Industrial Valves &#; Pressure Testing of Valves: https://www.iso.org/standard/.html

4.ISO &#; Metal Valves for Use in Flanged Pipe Systems &#; Face-to-Face and Centre-to-Face Dimensions: https://www.iso.org/standard/.html

5.MSS SP-42 &#; Corrosion Resistant Gate, Globe, Angle, and Check Valves with Flanged and Butt Weld Ends: https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/mss/msssp

6.NACE MR/ISO &#; Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries &#; Materials for Use in H2S-Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production: https://www.iso.org/standard/.html

What Is a Globe Valve

Figure 1: A pneumatic globe valve

A globe valve is a type of valve used to start, stop, and/or regulate flow in a pipeline. The valve has a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat within the valve body and it is effective in throttling flow and allowing for precise control. The name globe valve is from its spherical body shape. This article explores the working mechanism, features, and common applications of globe valves.

Table of contents

Globe valve parts and working principle

A globe valve has two separate chambers for flow control. The actuation process involves rotating a stem via a handwheel or mechanical actuator, which in turn, lifts or lowers the plug or disc. The globe valve working principle is explained in detail below:

• Movement of the disc: The core mechanism of a globe valve involves the movement of a disc (or plug) (Figure 2 labeled C) in relation to the stationary ring seat. The disc is connected to a stem (Figure 2 labeled A) which is, in turn, operated by an external actuator (manual, using a handwheel, or automatic, using pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric actuators). When the handwheel or actuator is turned, it moves the stem and the attached disc in a linear motion towards or away from the seat.
• Flow regulation: In the open position, fluid flows through the space between the disc and the seat. As the valve closes, the disc moves towards the seat, gradually reducing the flow area and thereby restricting the flow. When the disc fully contacts the seat, the flow is completely stopped. This precise control over the disc position allows for excellent throttling capabilities, making the globe valve ideal for flow regulation.
• Sealing mechanism: The seat is usually designed to match the shape of the disc for a better seal. In some designs, the disc may be composed of or coated with a softer material to ensure a tighter seal.

Figure 2: Globe valve diagram showing the various globe valve components: A globe valve in the open position (left), and in the closed position (right) showing stem (A), bonnet (B), disc or plug (C), and valve body (D).

Globe valve advantages

• Exceptional throttling and modulation: Globe valves are ideal for precise flow control, allowing fine adjustments to flow rate, which is crucial in systems requiring regular modulation.
• Reliable shutoff capability: They ensure a tight seal when closed, critical for stopping flow during maintenance or emergencies.
• Maintenance and repair efficiency: Designed for easy maintenance, their components are readily accessible, reducing downtime and costs.
• Versatility in maintenance: The disc and seat can be replaced or resurfaced, prolonging valve life and ensuring efficient operation.

Globe valve disadvantages

• Significant head loss: One major disadvantage of globe valves is the pressure drop due to the fluid's path through the valve, which can be mitigated by using Y-shaped or angle globe valves for less turbulence and pressure loss. The head loss should be considered while designing globe valve flow parameters.
• Increased operating force: More force is required to operate globe valves, especially in high-pressure settings, often necessitating automated actuators.
• Slower operation: Their design is not suited for situations requiring quick opening or closing due to the multi-turn operation.
• Susceptibility to cavitation and flashing: High-pressure differentials can cause cavitation and flashing, potentially damaging the valve.
• Cost: The complex design and manufacturing process make globe valves more expensive compared to other valve types.

Applications of globe valve

Globe valves are the optimal choice for applications requiring precise flow modulation, where pressure loss is not a critical concern, including scenarios such as:

• Cooling water systems
• Fuel oil systems
• Feedwater and chemical feed systems
• Boiler and main steam vents and drains
• Turbine lube oil system
• Drain and trim applications in sprinkler systems (not as control valves in fire sprinkler systems, where pressure is at a premium)

Read our globe valve applications article for more information on the industrial applications of globe valves.

Globe valve design variations

Flow path design

Globe valves have multiple designs based on their flow path:

1. T- or Z globe valve (Figure 3 left): This is the most common design for globe valves, characterized by a body that forces the flow to change direction twice, creating a path that resembles the letter "Z." This design is effective for throttling because the seat and disc configuration allows for precise control over the flow. However, this design also results in a higher pressure drop across the valve with a typical L/D coefficient of ~340.
2. Angle globe valve (Figure 3 middle): As the name suggests, angle globe valves have a body designed so that the inlet and outlet ports form a 90 degree angle, resembling an elbow. This design allows the fluid to change direction only once, reducing the pressure drop compared to the T- or Z-shaped design. 90 degree globe valves are useful in applications where the piping configuration requires a change in direction, combining the functions of a valve and an elbow. These globe valves have a typical L/D coefficient of ~55.
3. Y-globe valve (Figure 3 right): The Y-globe valve is a variation of the standard globe valve designed to minimize the pressure drop. In this design, the valve body and the seat are angled in a way that offers a more direct flow path (less tortuous than the Z-shaped path) while still allowing for good throttling capabilities. The "Y" shape reduces the severity of the flow direction change, resulting in lower pressure loss compared to the traditional T- or Z-shaped globe valves. These globe valves have a typical L/D coefficient of ~150.

Additionally, double-seated globe valves feature two plugs and corresponding seats, enhancing their capability to handle higher flow rates and providing a balanced design that minimizes the force required to operate the valve, making them an efficient choice for applications requiring precise flow control with minimal actuation force.

Figure 3: T- or Z globe valve (left), angle globe valve (middle), Y-globe valve (right)

Plug design

Globe valves can have one of the following plug designs:

1. Plug disc: The plug disc design is characterized by its solid, tapered shape, which fits snugly into the valve seat to regulate or block flow. This type is known for its durability and effectiveness in providing a tight seal, making it suitable for applications requiring precise flow control.
2. Composition disc: Featuring a disc with a replaceable insert, usually made of a softer material like rubber or PTFE, the composition disc is designed to ensure a tight seal even in the presence of particulate matter in the fluid. This type is ideal for applications where sealing against impurities is critical.
3. Ball disc: As the name suggests, this disc type incorporates a spherical ball that aligns with the seat to control flow. The ball disc offers smooth operation and is particularly effective in applications requiring quick shutoff capabilities. Its design allows for easy maintenance and is suitable for moderate control applications.

Figure 4: Globe valve disc types: Plug disc (left), composition disc (middle), and ball disc (right)

Globe valve flow characteristics

Globe valves exhibit distinct flow characteristics that are pivotal in their selection and application in fluid control systems. These characteristics are primarily defined by the valve's inherent flow coefficient (Cv), flow curve, and the relationship between the valve lift and flow rate under varying pressure conditions.

Inherent flow coefficient (Cv)

The globe valve Cv value represents the valve's flow capacity, indicating the volume of fluid that can pass through with a one psi pressure drop. Globe valve flow coefficient is typically low due to their design, which prioritizes precise flow control over high flow capacity.

Flow curves: linear vs equal percentage

• Linear flow curve: Offers a direct proportion between valve lift and flow rate, suitable for applications with constant pressure drop.
• Equal percentage flow curve: Provides an exponential relationship between valve lift and flow rate, ideal for varying pressure drop conditions, enhancing control precision.

Proper sizing is crucial to match the valve's flow characteristics with the application's requirements, ensuring efficient operation. The choice between linear and equal percentage depends on the system's pressure dynamics and control needs.

Figure 5: Globe valve P&ID symbol

How globe valves compare with other valve types

Other multi-turn/linear motion valves and quarter turn/rotary valves are common valve classifications that are comparable to a globe valve. Their purpose and function determine how they are used in different applications.

Multi-turn/linear motion valves

Industrial globe valves are multi-turn valves. A gate valve also uses a multi-turn handwheel to move the valve plug in a linear direction, but a gate valve has a straight-through flow. The valve stem on a gate valve lowers a plug or obstruction that blocks the path of flow or allows flow without requiring the medium to change direction. Consequently, gate valves have a much lower head loss (L/D=~8) when fully open, but they shouldn&#;t be used to regulate flow due to a drastic increase in head loss and increased wear on the gate valve&#;s gate and seat. Read our globe valve vs gate valve article for more details.

Quarter turn/rotary valves

A rotary valve uses a wrench handle, moving only a quarter-turn (90 degrees) to open or close the valve. The cut-off valve on a gas line is a common example of this type of valve, designed for a quick on/off function. Two common types of quarter turn/rotary valves are ball valves and butterfly valves.

• Ball valves use a sphere, or ball, with a hole bored through it, allowing flow when the hole is parallel to the direction of flow and blocking it when in a perpendicular position.
• A butterfly valve uses a thin plate to block flow when its surface is perpendicular to the direction of flow or allow flow when parallel.

Quarter turn/rotary valves have very low head loss (L/D=~3) but have limited throttling capability. Read our globe valve vs ball valve article for more details.

FAQs

How do you choose between 2 way and 3 way globe valves?

Use 2 way globe valves for on/off or throttling in a single flow path. Use 3 way valves for mixing or diverting flow between two different paths.

How do high-pressure globe valves manage to withstand high pressures?

High-pressure globe valves are designed with robust materials and thicker walls, and often feature a strengthened closure mechanism.

What is the purpose of a position indicator on a globe valve?

A position indicator visually shows the valve's open or closed status, aiding in manual checks and system monitoring.

What are the advantages of using an electric globe valve compared to a manual one?

Electric globe valves offer remote control and automation, allowing for precise flow regulation and easier integration into control systems compared to manual valves.